werewolf and it's etimology

Werewolves, also known as lycanthropes from the Greek λυκάνθρωπος, λύκος (wolf) and άνθρωπος (human, man), are mythological or folkloric humans with the ability to shift shape into wolves or anthropomorphic wolf-like creatures, either purposely, by being bitten or scratched by another werewolf, or after being placed under a curse. This transformation is often associated with the appearance of the full moon, as popularly noted by the medieval chronicler Gervase of Tilbury, although it may have been recognized in earlier times among the ancient Greeks through the writings of Petronius.Werewolves are often granted extra-human strength and senses, far beyond those of both wolves or men. The werewolf is generally held as a European character, although its lore spread through the world in later times. Shape-shifters, similar to werewolves, are common in tales from all over the world, most notably amongst the Native Americans, though most of them involve animal forms other than wolves.

Werewolves are a frequent subject of modern fictional books, although fictional werewolves have been attributed traits distinct from those of original folklore, most notably the vulnerability to silver bullets. Werewolves continue to endure in modern culture and fiction, with books, films and television shows cementing the werewolf's stance as a dominant figure in horror.

The word werewolf is thought to derive from Old English wer (or were)— pronounced variously as /ˈwɛər, ˈwɪər, ˈwɜr/— and wulf. The first part, wer, translates as "man" (in the specific sense of male human, not the race of humanity generally). It has cognates in several Germanic languages including Gothic wair, Old High German wer, and Old Norse verr, as well as in other Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit 'vira', Latin vir, Irish fear, Lithuanian vyras, and Welsh gŵr, which have the same meaning. The second half, wulf, is the ancestor of modern English "wolf"; in some cases it also had the general meaning "beast." An alternative etymology derives the first part from Old English weri (to wear); the full form in this case would be glossed as wearer of wolf skin. Related to this interpretation is Old Norse ulfhednar, which denoted lupine equivalents of the berserker, said to wear a bearskin in battle.

WereWolf Etimology

Facsimile of the first seven lines of he 14th century English translation of the 12th century French manuscript The Romance of William of Palerne

Yet other sources derive the word from warg-wolf, where warg (or later werg and wero) is cognate with Old Norse vargr, meaning "rogue," "outlaw," or, euphemistically, "wolf".^[1]

A Vargulf was the kind of wolf that slaughtered many members of a flock or herd but ate little of the kill. This was a serious problem for herders, who had to somehow destroy the rogue wolf before it destroyed the entire flock or herd. The term Warg was used in Old English for this kind of wolf. Possibly related is the fact that, in Norse society, an outlaw (who could be murdered with no legal repercussions and was forbidden to receive aid) was typically called vargr, or "wolf."

The term lycanthropy, a synonym, comes from Ancient Greek lykánthropos (λυκάνθρωπος): λύκος, lýkos ("wolf") + άνθρωπος, ánthrōpos ("human").^[2] A compound of which "lyc-" derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *wlkwo-, meaning "wolf") formally denotes the "wolf - man" transformation. Lycanthropy is but one form of therianthropy, the ability to metamorphose into animals in general. The term therianthrope literally means "beast-man." The word has also been linked to the original werewolf of classical mythology, Lycaon, a king of Arcadia who, according to Ovid's Metamorphoses, was turned into a ravenous wolf in retribution for attempting to serve his own son to visiting Zeus in an attempt to disprove the god's divinity.

There is also a mental illness called lycanthropy in which a patient believes he or she is, or has transformed into, an animal and behaves accordingly. This is sometimes referred to as clinical lycanthropy to distinguish it from its use in legends. Despite its origin as a term for man-wolf transformations only, lycanthropy is used in this sense for animals of any type. This broader meaning is often used in modern fictional references, such as in roleplaying game culture.

Another ancient term for shapeshifting between any animal forms is versipellis, from which the English words turnskin and turncoat are derived. ^[3] This Latin word is similar in meaning as words used for werewolves and other shapeshifters in Russian (oboroten) and Old Norse (hamrammr).

The French name for a werewolf, sometimes used in English, is loup-garou (pronounced /lugaˈru/), from the Latin noun lupus meaning wolf.^[4] The second element is thought to be from Old French garoul meaning "werewolf." This in turn is most likely from Frankish *wer-wulf meaning "man-wolf."^[5]

^{from wikipedia.org}

Illuminati

Sejarah

Illuminati adalah sebuah persaudaraan kuno yang pernah ada dan diyakini masih tetap ada sampai sekarang walaupun tidak ada bukti - bukti nyata keberadaan persaudaraan ini sampai saat ini. Illuminati berarti Pencerahan Baru. Para penganut Illuminati disebut Illuminatus yang berarti Yang Tercerahkan. Illuminati sebelumnya bernama Perfectibilists didirikan oleh Adam Weishaupt (1748-1811) seorang keturunan Yahudi yang lahir dan besar di Ingolstadt, memiliki latar belakang pendidikan sebagai seorang Jesuit yang lalu menjadi seorang pendeta Katolik dan selanjutnya mengorganisasi House of Rothschild. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, ia beserta organisasi yang dipimpinnya memiliki pandangan-pandangan yang menyimpang (bid'ah) dari ajaran resmi gereja Katolik, sehingga ia diekskomunikasi (dilarang mengajarkan pahamnya) oleh gereja dan dikeluarkan dari kelompok gereja kristiani. Illuminatus adalah orang - orang yang mencari jawaban apa yang disebut agama sebagai misteri Tuhan. Menurut mereka dengan ilmu pengetahuan tidak ada lagi misteri Tuhan, semua ada jawabannya.

Dalam novel "Angels and Demon" karya Dan Brown; Salah seorang Illuminatus yang terkenal adalah Galilei Galileo seorang ahli antropologi yang terpaksa harus dihukum rumah seumur hidup oleh gereja akibat membuat pernyataan bahwa pusat alam semesta yang bukan bumi adalah matahari. Pernyataan tersebut dianggap menyinggung gereja karena secara tidak langsung menyatakan bahwa Tuhan dengan sengaja menempatkan pusat kehidupan di planet lain. Sejak saat itu illuminatus diburu oleh para kaum gereja. Mereka diburu dan diberi stamp salib didada mereka baru kemudian dibunuh. Illuminati kemudian bergerak dari bawah tanah sebagai sebuah kelompok rahasia yang paling dicari oleh gereja. Para illuminatus yang melarikan diri kemudian bertemu dengan kelompok rahasia lainnya yaitu kelompok ahli batu yang bernama Freemasonry atau lebih sering disebut sebagai kelompok Mason.

Perkembangan Illuminati

Sejak bergabung dengan kelompok Freemasonry, illuminati menjadi semakin kuat karena dibantu oleh jaringan kelompok Freemasonry yang sepertinya tidak menyadari telah dijadikan alat transportasi aman oleh illuminati. Illuminati terus diburu oleh gereja. Mereka dicap sebagai penganut paham Luciferian Conspiracy, dikarenakan mereka, sama seperti halnya Freemasonry, memiliki ritual pemujaan kepada "Sang Arsitek Agung" / "The Great Architect", yang dilambangkan oleh mereka berupa "The Wholeseeing-Eye" / "Mata tuhan" (diambil dari legenda mesir); yang merupakan simbol dari Lucifer (sebutan setan dalam tradisi kristiani).

Sejak 1782 gerakan Illuminati menyebar dari Denmark sampai ke Portugal, bahkan lebih jauh lagi. Orang-orang Inggris yang terilluminasi bergabung dengan orang-orang Amerika membangun Loji Columbia di kota New York pada tahun yang sama. Seorang bangsawan muda Rusia, Alexander Radischev, bergabung di Leipzieg, dan menyebarkan doktrinnya ke kampung halamannya di St. Petersburg. Di Lisabon seorang penyair bernama Claudio Manuel da Costa menjadi anggota, dan ketika hijrah ke Brazil ia mendirikan sebuah cabang dengan dibantu dua orang dokter dari Ouro Preto, Domingos Vidal Barbarosa dan Jose Alvares Maciel. Pada tahun 1788 trio ini melancarkan pemberontakan Illuminati yang pertama, Inconfidencia Mineira, tetapi pemberontakan itu ditumpas ketika baru saja berputik oleh raja muda Marquis de Barbacena. Hingga saat ini, mereka berjuang secara diam-diam melawan dan berusaha meruntuhkan gereja katolik roma, yang dianggap melambangkan kekuasaan dari Yesus Kristus, musuh Lucifer.

this is some video from http://youtube.com



From :wikipedia.org and youtube.com